i Code With Hiren.

D ebugging Basic debugging in Swift involves identifying and fixing issues or bugs in your code. Here's a brief guide on how to approach debugging with examples and techniques commonly used in Swift development: 1. Using Print Statements One of the simplest ways to debug is to use print() statements to output variable values or program flow. Example: swift import UIKit class ViewController : UIViewController { var score: Int = 0 override func viewDidLoad () { super .viewDidLoad() // Debugging with print statements print ( "Initial score: \(score) " ) // Prints initial score score = calculateScore() print ( "Updated score: \(score) " ) // Prints updated score } func calculateScore () -> Int { // Debugging inside a function let points = 10 print ( "Points: \(points) " ) // Print points value retur...

Optionals and unwrapping Optionals are a powerful feature that allows you to handle the absence of a value. They represent a variable that might hold a value or be nil (i.e., no value). Unwrapping is the process of accessing the value inside an optional. 1. Creating Optionals An optional is created by appending a ? to the type of a variable. swift var name: String ? // This variable can hold a String or nil 2. Optional Binding Optional binding allows you to check if an optional contains a value and, if so, safely unwrap it. swift if let unwrappedName = name { print ( "Name is \(unwrappedName) " ) } else { print ( "Name is nil" ) } 3. Forced Unwrapping You can force unwrap an optional when you are certain that it contains a value. Use ! after the optional. swift print (name ! ) // Force unwraps, crashes if name is nil 4. Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals An implicitly unwrapped optional is...

 Type casting Type casting in Swift allows you to check and convert an object from one type to another. This is useful when working with inheritance hierarchies or when you need to ensure that an object conforms to a particular type before performing operations on it. as? (Optional Casting) : This operator attempts to cast an object to a specified type and returns an optional value. If the cast fails, it returns nil . as! (Forced Casting) : This operator attempts to cast an object to a specified type and returns the value if the cast is successful. If it fails, it causes a runtime crash. is (Type Checking) : This operator checks whether an object is of a specified type. Example Code swift import UIKit class Animal { func speak () { print ( "Animal makes a sound" ) } } class Dog : Animal { func bark () { print...

  Basic String Operations Creating Strings : You can create strings using double quotes, like "Hello, world!" . Swift also allows multi-line strings using triple quotes, which is useful for longer texts or code snippets. Concatenation : To combine strings, you use the + operator. For example, "Hello" + " " + "World" results in "Hello World" . You can also use string interpolation with \() to insert variables or expressions inside strings, such as "The score is \(score)" . Appending : You can add more text to an existing string using the append() method or the += operator. For example, myString.append(" Text") or myString += " Text" will add " Text" to myString . Length : T...

Type Safety and Type Inference in Swift   Type Safety Type safety in Swift ensures that variables always contain the type of value that is expected. Once a variable is declared with a certain type, it cannot store values of another incompatible type without explicit conversion. This helps prevent errors at compile-time and enhances code reliability. Example: swift var age: Int = 30 // age = "John" // Error: Cannot assign value of type 'String' to type 'Int' In the example above, age is explicitly declared as an Int. Assigning a String value to age results in a compile-time error because Swift ensures that only values of type Int can be assigned to age.   Type Inference Type inference allows Swift to deduce the type of a variable or constant based on its initial value. This feature helps reduce the amount of boilerplate code and improves readability b...

  Operators in Swift Operators in Swift are symbols or keywords that perform operations on variables and values. Here's an overview of different types of operators in Swift:   1. Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations.   Addition (+): Adds two numbers together.   swift   let sum = 10 + 5   // sum equals 15      Subtraction (): Subtracts the second number from the first.   swift   let difference = 10   5   // difference equals 5      Multiplication (): Multiplies two numbers.   swift   let product = 10   5   // product equals 50      Division (/): Divides the first number by the second.   swift   let quotient = 10 / 5   // quotient equals 2    ...